What Is the Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle in Relationships?
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What Is the Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle in Relationships?
Here’s a stubborn relationship dynamic that I see all the time as a couples counselor and relationship coach: the pursuer-withdrawer cycle, also sometimes called the pursuer-distancer dynamic. It’s an incredibly common relationship pattern that just about all couples exhibit to one degree or another. But in its more extreme forms, it can cause relationships to fail. So, what is the pursuer-withdrawer cycle, how can you know if you’re caught in it, and more importantly, how can you break free?
In this article, we’ll dive into all of these questions and more. I hope it helps you recognize the pursuer-withdrawer cycle, and especially your role in it, so that you can create the satisfying, sustainable connection that you deserve. If you’d prefer to listen to this one, I’ve also recorded an episode of the Love, Happiness and Success podcast on this topic. You can find it on this page, or on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts.
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What Is the Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle?
The Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle, also known as the Pursuer-Distancer dynamic, is a common pattern in intimate relationships. Essentially, it involves one partner (the Pursuer) seeking emotional closeness, validation, or reassurance, while the other partner (the Withdrawer) responds by pulling away or creating emotional distance.
This dynamic can show up in many different ways. It could look like one partner wanting to cuddle on the couch while the other wants to isolate in another room. It can also show up in your sex life, with one partner trying to initiate sex more often while the other avoids physical intimacy all together, leaving the pursuer feeling sexually rejected. (See this article on The Bristle Reaction for more on that subject).
But moments of conflict are where the pursuer-withdrawer cycle really reveals itself, and where it can be most destructive. In an argument, the pursuer will try to hash things out then and there, and show a lot of emotion as they do so. This makes the withdrawer feel emotionally flooded, and they may shut down, refuse to engage, or even physically leave the room. The more the pursuer pursues, the more the withdrawer withdraws, until you have a situation that can literally look like one partner chasing the other from room to room. Not good!
As you can imagine, none of this is healthy. In fact, renowned relationship psychologist Dr. John Gottman identified the pursuer-withdrawer cycle as a top sign that a relationship will fail.
Fortunately, this is a pattern you can change, when you understand the cycle and your role in it. Breaking the pursuer-withdrawer cycle on your own can be tricky, however, because it is very easy to fall back into old patterns, especially when your partner does the same. Couples who get support have the greatest success at creating permanent, positive change in their relationship systems. Learn about how couples counseling works, and how to find a couples counselor.
The Dynamics at Play in the Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle
So why does this happen? Several factors contribute to the pursuer-withdrawer cycle. These dynamics stem from deep fears, insecurities, and attachment patterns that are operating below the level of you or your partner’s conscious awareness.
For example:
- Fear of Abandonment, Rejection, or Engulfment: The Pursuer may fear abandonment or rejection, leading them to seek constant reassurance and validation from their partner. Conversely, the Withdrawer may fear engulfment or loss of autonomy, prompting them to withdraw as a means of self-protection.
- Communication Patterns: Communication problems can make the Pursuer-Withdrawer dynamic worse. The Pursuer may resort to criticism, ultimatums, or getting loud in their attempts to be heard. Meanwhile, the Withdrawer may respond with defensiveness, stonewalling, or avoidance.
- Attachment Styles: We all have attachment styles based on our early experiences with caregivers. In the Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle, people with anxious-preoccupied attachment styles are more likely to be the Pursuer, seeking reassurance and validation from their partner. Those with dismissive-avoidant attachment styles may take on the role of the Withdrawer, distancing themselves to avoid feelings of enmeshment or overwhelm. Learn more about the anxious-avoidant pairing and how these attachment styles interact.
Breaking the Cycle: Strategies for a Healthier Connection
Breaking free from the Pursuer-Distancer Pattern requires awareness, communication, and a willingness to address underlying fears and insecurities. Here are some strategies that will help you to cultivate healthier patterns:
- Self-Awareness: Both partners should reflect on their own attachment patterns, emotional triggers, and communication styles. By increasing self-awareness, you can better understand your own needs and why you respond to your partner in the way that you do.
- Emotionally Safe Communication: Authentic, emotionally safe communication is essential for breaking the cycle. Working with a good couples counselor can help you learn communication skills that can help you both “stay in the ring” during important conversations.
- Compromise and Flexibility: While growth and change are possible, accepting each other as you are is also part of the equation. Both partners must build their understanding for each other and why they tend to react the way they react. That way, even when your partner is not responding to you in the way you would like, you can better manage your own anxiety and avoid developing negative narratives about what their reactions mean about you or the relationship.
- Seeking Professional Support: Couples therapy or relationship coaching are game-changers when it comes to addressing the deep underlying dynamics of the Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle, and any other relationship dynamic for that matter. A good couples counselor can help you explore your patterns of interaction, understand each other in new ways, develop more effective communication patterns, and make changes that stick.
Check out this article on breaking the pursuer-distancer pattern for a deeper dive into the action steps involved.
Support for Pursuer-Withdrawer Cycle
I hope this article on the pursuer-withdrawer cycle helps you understand what may be going on in your relationship, and the path forward. While breaking the cycle isn’t easy, it is totally possible, especially if you invest in your relationship by getting support from a good couples counselor or relationship coach. Trust me — this is a pattern we have seen a thousand times, and we understand how to help you and your partner break free, once and for all.
If you would like to do this valuable work with one of the marriage and family therapists on my team, I invite you to schedule a free consultation.
With love,
Dr. Lisa Marie Bobby
P.S. — You can find more free advice on changing your relationship patterns in my “communication that connects” collection of articles and podcasts. I hope you’ll check it out — I made it for you!
Sources
- Opening the Circle of Pursuit and Distance. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/famp.12004
- Huerta, P., Edwards, C., Asiimwe, R., PettyJohn, M., VanBoxel, J., Morgan, P., & Wittenborn, A. K. (2023). Exploratory Analysis of Pursue-Withdraw Patterns, Attachment, and Gender among Couples in Emotionally Focused Therapy. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 51(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2022.2129521
- Bigler, K. M., & Modica, C. A. (2022). Emotionally-Focused Couples Therapy and Gay and Lesbian Couples: Considerations for Pursuer-Distancer Patterns. Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling, 16(3), 300–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/26924951.2022.2043217
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